Permaculture companion plants for Corn

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Name	Data	Description	Actions
Common bean	USDA Hardiness zone 2-11 Life cycle Annual Light requirement Full sun Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Height 2.0 Layer Vines Utility Nitrogen fixer Edible True Edible parts Leaves, Seed, Seedpod Propagation method Seed - transplant, Seed - direct sow Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris Alternate name Pole bean, Climbing bean, French bean, Bush bean, Dwarf bean, Kidney bean, Green bean Family Fabaceae, Leguminosae German name Stangenbohne Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phaseolus vulgaris Germination temperature 16-18°c (70-80°f) Soil pH 6.0-6.8 Seed planting depth 2.5 cm Spacing 16cm Germination time 4-10 days Days to harvest 45-85 Growth Fast Dutch name Sperzieboon Native to Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá Introduced into Altay, Amur, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Assam, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, Cameroon, Cayman Is., Central European Rus, Chad, Chita, Colombia, Comoros, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Haiti, Illinois, India, Iraq, Irkutsk, Jamaica, Jawa, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Leeward Is., Malaya, Marianas, Maryland, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, New York, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, North Caucasus, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Primorye, Puerto Rico, Queensland, Rwanda, Sakhalin, Senegal, South European Russi, Sri Lanka, Tadzhikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Transcaucasus, Trinidad-Tobago, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Wake I., West Himalaya, West Siberia, Yakutskiya, Zambia, Zaïre When to sow (indoors) 2-4 weeks before last frost When to sow (outdoors) 1 week after last frost, 12-14 weeks before first frost Seed viability 3-5 years Width 0.4 Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:514191-1	This entry describes all varieties of the common bean. This includes vining and bush/darf variaties and can have different names depending on their style of growths (see alternate names). These include the kidney bean, the navy bean, the pinto bean, the French bean and the wax bean The common bean, scientific name Phaseolus vulgaris, is a herbaceous annual plant native to the Americas, specifically the regions extending from the southwestern United States to South America. It is a member of the Fabaceae (legume) family. The common bean has a range of different appearances, depending on the variety. Most varieties have a simple, erect stem that grows to a height of 20-60 cm. The leaves are typically green and consist of 3-5 oblong leaflets. The flowers are small and white, pink, or purple in color. The fruit is a legume, which contains the seeds. The common bean is typically a small plant, but some varieties can grow to be quite large, reaching heights of up to 2 meters. The plant grows relatively quickly, with the growing season typically lasting between 60-100 days. The common bean prefers well-drained soil and full sun, but can also grow in partial shade. It is sensitive to frost and should be planted after the last frost date in the spring. To cultivate the common bean successfully, a grower may need to ensure that the soil is adequately fertilized and provide support for the plant to climb, if necessary. The common bean is edible, with the seeds and the young pods being the most commonly consumed parts. The seeds can be cooked and eaten as a protein-rich vegetable, and the young pods can be eaten as a green vegetable. The edible parts can be stored after harvest by drying the seeds or by preserving the young pods in vinegar or oil. The common bean has many uses beyond being a food source. The plant can fix nitrogen in the soil, improving its fertility and making it a useful companion plant for other crops. The dried leaves and stems of the common bean can be used as mulch or as a source of organic matter. In some cultures, the fibers from the stems are used to make ropes or other weaving materials. Additionally, the plant has been used medicinally to treat a variety of ailments. The common bean is also valuable for wildlife. The flowers attract bees and other pollinators, and the plant provides food for a variety of insects, birds, and small mammals. ### Links [Beans Seed Starting Tips @ Harvest to Table](https://harvesttotable.com/beans-seed-starting-tips/) ### Propagation - direct sow Direct-sow beans in spring after all danger of frost has passed and soil is at least 16°C (60°F). In warm-winter regions, sow beans in late summer for harvest in winter. Time sowing so that beans come to harvest before the first frost.	Show Edit
Runner Bean	USDA Hardiness zone 1-12 Life cycle Annual, Perennial Light requirement Full sun Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Height 3.0 Edible true Edible parts Flowers, Leaves, Root, Seed, Seedpod Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_coccineus Growth Fast Alternate name Scarlet runner, scarlet runner bean, scarlet conqueror, fire bean, mammoth, red giant phaseolus coccineus ssppolyanthus (cache bean) Family Fabaceae or leguminosae Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phaseolus coccineus Native to Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá Introduced into Alabama, Amur, Assam, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bulgaria, Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Ethiopia, India, Inner Mongolia, Jawa, Kenya, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Manchuria, Nepal, New Guinea, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Pakistan, Primorye, Rwanda, South European Russi, Tanzania, Transcaucasus, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Wake I., West Himalaya Seed viability 3-5 years Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:513754-1		Show Edit
Broad Bean	USDA Hardiness zone 4-8 Light requirement Full sun, Partial sun/shade Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Soil pH 6.0-6.8 Height 1.0 Width 0.3 Life cycle Annual Growth Fast Spacing 20cm Propagation method Seed - direct sow, Seed - transplant When to sow (outdoors) 6 weeks after sowing them in pots When to plant (transplant) 6 weeks after sowing them in pots Germination time 21 days Seed viability 3-5 years Utility Nitrogen fixer Edible parts Leaves, Seed Alternate name fava bean, faba bean, Broad bean, or faba bean Varieties with smaller, harder seeds that are fed to horses or other animals are called field bean, tic bean or tick bean Horse bean German name Ackerbohne Family Fabaceae or Leguminosae Native to Afghanistan, Iran Introduced into Albania, Algeria, Altay, Angola, Argentina South, Assam, Baleares, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canary Is., Central European Rus, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Corse, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France, Guatemala, India, Iraq, Italy, Jawa, Kenya, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Leeward Is., Libya, Madeira, Mexico Southwest, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Pakistan, Peru, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Sardegna, Sicilia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tibet, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Uruguay, Vermont, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Yemen, Yugoslavia Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_faba Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia faba major Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:524737-1 Propagation - Direct sowing Feb-April; Oct-Nov Propagation - Transplanting sow in deep pots in cool, frost-free place	Broad bean (Vicia faba), also known as fava bean or faba bean, is a type of legume that is native to North Africa and the Middle East. It is a popular garden plant, known for its edible beans and attractive purple or white flowers. Broad bean plants have a upright, bushy growth habit and can reach a height of up to 3 feet. The leaves are large and composed of three oval-shaped leaflets, and the flowers are small and clustered in groups of two or three. The beans are produced in long, slender pods that contain two or three beans each. To grow broad beans successfully, it is important to choose a location with well-drained, fertile soil and full sun. The plants should be spaced about 8-12 inches apart, and watered regularly to ensure that the soil stays moist but not waterlogged. Broad beans are generally easy to grow and require little maintenance, but they can be susceptible to pests and diseases, such as aphids and fungal infections. Grows best in temperatures ranging from 60° to 65°F (15-18°C) but will tolerate a range from 40°F (4.4°C) - 75°F (24°C). Broad beans are edible, and the beans can be eaten fresh or frozen, canned or dried for storage. To harvest the beans, the pods should be picked when they are plump and before the beans inside begin to harden. The beans can be removed from the pods by gently squeezing them out. Fresh beans can be stored in the refrigerator for a few days, while dried beans can be stored in an airtight container for several months. In addition to their culinary uses, broad beans also have a number of medicinal properties, and have been used to treat a variety of ailments, including asthma, bronchitis, and anemia. Broad beans are also a valuable food source for many types of wildlife, including birds, insects, and small mammals. The plants provide nectar for bees and other pollinators, and the beans are a popular food for many species of birds.	Show Edit
Cucumber	USDA Hardiness zone 9-11 Life cycle Annual Light requirement Full sun Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Height 2 Layer Vines Edible parts Fruit, Leaves Propagation method Seed - direct sow, Seed - transplant When to plant (transplant) 1 week after last frost Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber Family Cucurbitaceae German name Gurke Days to maturity 50-65 Spacing 23cm Soil pH 6.0-6.8 Germination temperature 15-30°C (60-85°F) Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis sativus Medicinal True Medicinal parts Fruit Native to Assam, Bangladesh, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, West Himalaya Introduced into Alabama, Albania, Andaman Is., Arizona, Arkansas, Austria, Bahamas, Bolivia, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Florida, Georgia, Gulf of Guinea Is., Haiti, Illinois, India, Jamaica, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Korea, Laos, Leeward Is., Louisiana, Marianas, Marshall Is., Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Caledonia, New York, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., North Carolina, North Caucasus, Ohio, Oman, Ontario, Pakistan, Pennsylvania, Pitcairn Is., Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Tadzhikistan, Trinidad-Tobago, Turkmenistan, Utah, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virginia, Windward Is., Zaïre When to sow (indoors) 2-3 weeks before last frost When to sow (outdoors) 1 week after last frost Width 0.9 Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:292296-1	Cucumber, scientific name Cucumis sativus, is a member of the gourd family. It is native to India and other parts of Asia. Cucumber is a trailing or climbing plant that grows to a height of 5-10 feet. The leaves are dark green and glossy, and the plant produces yellow flowers. The fruit of the cucumber plant is a long, green, edible vegetable with a thin skin. Cucumbers are typically about 6-9 inches long and 2-3 inches in diameter. In terms of growth and cultivation, cucumber plants prefer warm, sunny conditions and well-draining soil. They should be watered regularly, especially during dry periods. Cucumber plants are not winter hardy and should be grown in the summer months in most climates. To cultivate cucumbers successfully, it is important to provide them with adequate space to grow and to support the plants with trellises or other means to keep the fruits off the ground. The plant will develop male and female flowers. You can recognize the female by having a tiny cucumber underneath. Sometimes the plant develops a lot of male flowers first, so be patient. If you don’t see any bees pollinating. Take a male and put it on all the female flowers. Cucumber fruits are edible and can be eaten raw, pickled, or cooked. The skin and seeds of the cucumber are edible, but some people choose to remove the seeds before eating the fruit. Cucumber fruits can be stored in the refrigerator for a few days after harvest. Cucumbers have several uses. In addition to being eaten as a vegetable, they can also be used in a variety of dishes and salads. Cucumber slices are often used as a garnish or as a refreshing addition to beverages. Cucumbers are also commonly used in natural skin care products and are believed to have anti-inflammatory and soothing properties. #### Propagation Direct sow when soil is warm enough in early summer. Sow seeds individually indoors 3-4 weeks before planting outside into warm soil. Use bottom heat if possible. Transplant when plants develop third leaf. #### Medicinal Fruit is depurative, diuretic, emollient, purgative and resolvent #### Links [Cucumber @ West Coast Seeds](https://www.westcoastseeds.com/products/patio-snacker)	Show Edit
Marjoram	USDA Hardiness zone 6-9 Life cycle Perennial Light requirement Full sun, Partial sun/shade Water requirement Dry, Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Height 0.6 Layer Herbs Edible true Edible parts Leaves Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjoram Family Lamiaceae or labiatae German name Majoran Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum majorana Native to Cyprus, Turkey Introduced into Algeria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Greece, India, Italy, Juan Fernández Is., Krym, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yugoslavia Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:453303-1	Marjoram (Origanum majorana) is a herbaceous plant that is native to the Mediterranean region. It has delicate, oval-shaped leaves that are pale green in color, and small white or pink flowers that grow in clusters. The plant grows to a height of about 30 cm and has a woody stem. In terms of growing conditions, marjoram prefers well-drained, light soil and full sun to partial shade. It can be grown from seeds or cuttings, and should be spaced about 30 cm apart. Marjoram is winter hardy in mild climates, but may need to be protected or brought indoors in colder regions. Marjoram has a number of culinary uses. It is often used as a flavoring in soups, stews, and sauces, and can be added to salads and other dishes as a garnish. The leaves and flowers of the plant are edible and can be used fresh or dried. When harvesting marjoram, it is best to pick the leaves early in the morning when they are at their most flavorful. The leaves can be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dark place for up to six months. In addition to its culinary uses, marjoram has also been used medicinally as an antiseptic and as a remedy for digestive problems. It is also sometimes used in perfumes and soaps. Marjoram is not particularly attractive to wildlife, but it can provide habitat for some beneficial insects such as bees and butterflies.	Show Edit
Parsnip	Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsnip Edible true Water requirement Moist Light requirement Full sun, Partial sun/shade USDA Hardiness zone 4-8 Alternate name Wild parsnip Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Family Apiaceae or umbelliferae Height 1.0 German name Pastinake Layer Roots Edible parts Leaves, Root, Seed Warning Weed potential Life cycle Biennial Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pastinaca sativa Native to Sicilia Introduced into Albania, Altay, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Central European Rus, Corse, Czechoslovakia, East European Russia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Krasnoyarsk, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Mongolia, Netherlands, North Caucasus, Poland, Romania, Sardegna, South European Russi, Spain, Switzerland, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, West Siberia, Yugoslavia Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:845768-1 Width 0.4		Show Edit
Potato	USDA Hardiness zone 3-10 Light requirement Full sun Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Height 1.0 Width 0.5 Life cycle Perennial Spacing 12 inches Propagation method Seed - direct sow When to sow (outdoors) April Edible parts Root Alternate name Irish potato, Andigena German name Kartoffel Family Solanaceae Native to Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Bolivia, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Introduced into Assam, Bangladesh, Belgium, Dominican Republic, East European Russia, East Himalaya, France, Great Britain, Haiti, Hawaii, Illinois, India, Ireland, Laos, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, South European Russi, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Zaïre Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum tuberosum Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:821337-1	Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a herbaceous perennial plant that is native to the Andean region of South America. It is a member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae) and is closely related to other nightshades such as tomatoes, eggplants, and bell peppers. The potato plant has a bushy growth habit and can grow to heights of 30-150 cm depending on the variety. The leaves are large, heart-shaped, and alternate along the stem. The flowers are white or purple and have five petals. The plant produces small green berries that contain numerous seeds, but most varieties of potatoes are propagated vegetatively from tubers rather than from seeds. The edible part of the potato plant is the tuber, which is an underground stem that is modified for food storage. Potatoes come in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and colors including white, yellow, red, and purple. The size and shape of the tuber depends on the variety, with some varieties producing small, round tubers and others producing large, elongated tubers. Potatoes grow best in well-draining, fertile soils in a sunny location with a pH of 4.5-6.0. They require regular watering and should be planted in a location with good air circulation to prevent fungal diseases. Potatoes are typically planted from tubers that have been treated with a fungicide to prevent disease and are spaced 25-30 cm apart in rows that are 75-90 cm apart. The tubers will begin to form in the soil around 6-8 weeks after planting and can be harvested when they reach the desired size. Potatoes are a versatile and nutritious food source that is rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The tubers are eaten cooked, baked, fried, or mashed, and the leaves and flowers of the plant can also be eaten. Potatoes can be stored in a cool, dry, and dark place for several months. Potatoes have a number of uses beyond their value as a food source. The tubers can be used as seed potatoes for planting, and the leaves and stems can be used as a natural insecticide or as mulch in the garden. In some parts of the world, potatoes are also used for their medicinal properties. Potatoes are a valuable food source for a variety of wildlife, including deer, rabbits, and squirrels. The flowers of the potato plant are also a source of nectar for bees and other pollinators.	Show Edit
Squash	USDA Hardiness zone 2-11 Light requirement Full sun, Partial sun/shade Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Soil pH 5.5-5.9 Height 0.6 Width 8 Life cycle Annual Layer Vines Growth Fast Propagation method Seed - transplant When to sow (outdoors) after last frost Germination time 2 weeks Edible parts Flowers, Fruit, Leaves, Seed Edible uses Oil Alternate name Crookneck squash German name Kürbis Family Cucurbitaceae Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita_moschata Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita moschata Propagation - Transplanting sow seeds in pots in a greenhouse Medicinal boiled root is galactogogue, anthelmintic	Squash, also known as Cucurbita moschata, is a plant that is native to the Americas. It is commonly used in gardens and farms for its edible fruits and leaves. Squash plants can grow to be quite large, with some varieties reaching heights of up to 10 feet. They tend to grow quickly, with a mature plant producing fruit within a few months of planting. In terms of growing conditions, squash plants prefer full sun and well-draining soil. They also need plenty of water, especially during the hot summer months. To cultivate squash successfully, a grower may need to provide adequate space for the plant to spread out, as well as support for the vines and fruit. Squash needs lots nutrition and therefore needs good soil. It can also be grown on compost The edible parts of squash plants include the fruit and leaves. The fruit can be stored after harvest by keeping it in a cool, dry place. The leaves can also be eaten, either cooked or raw, and can be stored in the same way as the fruit. The fruit can be used in a variety of dishes, including soups, stews, and baked goods. The leaves can be used as a substitute for spinach in many recipes. In addition to its culinary uses, squash has a number of medicinal uses. The leaves have been used to treat a variety of ailments, including infections and inflammation. Squash plants can also be used for fertility, as the large leaves provide shade and moisture for the soil. They can also be used as mulch, wind protection, and ground cover.	Show Edit
Radish	USDA Hardiness zone 2-11 Light requirement Full sun, Partial sun/shade Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Height 0.5 Width 0.3 Life cycle Annual Layer Roots Growth Fast Edible true Edible parts Flowers, Leaves, Root, Seed, Seedpod Edible uses Oil Alternate name Cultivated radish German name Rettich Family Brassicaceae or cruciferae Native to Greece, Italy, Sicilia, Yugoslavia Introduced into Alabama, Alaska, Algeria, Altay, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Assam, Baleares, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, British Columbia, Bulgaria, California, Canary Is., Caroline Is., Central European Rus, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Corse, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Delaware, District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, Galápagos, Georgia, Gilbert Is., Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Gulf States, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Iraq, Japan, Jawa, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kazan-retto, Kenya, Korea, Kriti, Krym, Kuwait, Labrador, Lebanon-Syria, Leeward Is., Libya, Louisiana, Madeira, Maine, Manchuria, Manitoba, Marianas, Marshall Is., Maryland, Massachusetts, Mauritania, Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Northwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Morocco, Nansei-shoto, Nebraska, Nepal, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Caledonia, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, Newfoundland, Nicobar Is., North Carolina, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northern Provinces, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oman, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Palestine, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Portugal, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Qinghai, Queensland, Québec, Rhode I., Rwanda, Sardegna, Saskatchewan, Saudi Arabia, South Australia, South Carolina, South Dakota, South European Russi, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sumatera, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Tanzania, Tasmania, Texas, Tibet, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay, Utah, Uzbekistan, Victoria, Vietnam, Virginia, Wake I., Washington, West Himalaya, West Virginia, Western Australia, Windward Is., Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yemen, Zimbabwe Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radish Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus sativus Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77159305-1 Warning Weed potential	The radish, also known as Raphanus sativus, is a plant native to southwestern Asia and the eastern Mediterranean region. It is a cool-season annual that grows quickly, often maturing in just a few weeks. The radish has a distinctive round or oblong shape, with a crisp and juicy texture. Its skin is typically red or white, but can also be purple, yellow, or black. The leaves of the radish are elongated and dark green in color, while its flowers are small and white or yellow in color. Radishes are relatively small, typically growing to be about four inches long and two inches wide. They prefer well-drained soil that is high in organic matter, and can be grown in a variety of climates, including temperate and subtropical regions. Radishes are typically differentiated from similar plants, such as turnips, by their smaller size and more pungent flavor. They can be harvested at any stage of their growth, but are typically harvested when they are young and tender for the best flavor. To cultivate radishes successfully, a grower will need to plant them in well-prepared soil, water them regularly, and thin out the plants to prevent overcrowding. Radishes are generally hardy and can tolerate frost, making them a good choice for a fall or winter garden. The edible parts of the radish plant are the root and the leaves. The root can be eaten raw, cooked, or pickled, while the leaves can be used in salads or cooked like other leafy greens. After harvest, the roots can be stored in a cool and dark place, such as a root cellar, to prolong their shelf life. Radishes have a number of uses, both in the garden and beyond. In the garden, they can be used as a companion plant to deter pests and improve the health of other plants. In addition to their use in cooking, radishes have also been used medicinally, with some evidence suggesting that they may have anti-inflammatory and digestive health benefits. Radishes are also a valuable food source for wildlife, providing a source of nutrition for birds and small mammals. They are a popular food for bees and other pollinators, and can help to attract these beneficial insects to the garden.	Show Edit
Pumpkin / Zucchini	USDA Hardiness zone 2-11 Life cycle Annual Light requirement Full sun, Partial sun/shade Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Height 0.6 Layer Vines Edible true Edible parts Flowers, Fruit, Leaves, Root, Seed Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita_pepo Growth Fast Alternate name Courgette, field pumpkin, ozark melon, texas gourd Family Cucurbitaceae Edible uses Oil Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita pepo Native to Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest Introduced into Alabama, Albania, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Arkansas, Assam, Azores, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil South, Burkina, California, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, Connecticut, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Finland, France, Gambia, Gilbert Is., Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Illinois, India, Italy, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Korea, Louisiana, Marianas, Marshall Is., Massachusetts, Michigan, Nauru, Nevada, New Caledonia, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Nigeria, North Carolina, Norway, Ohio, Oman, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Québec, Sierra Leone, South Carolina, St.Helena, Sweden, Tadzhikistan, Tennessee, Texas, Tokelau-Manihiki, Trinidad-Tobago, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Utah, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vermont, Vietnam, Virginia, Wake I., West Himalaya, Zaïre Width 1 Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:292416-1	Cucurbita pepo is a species of plant native to North America. It contains many varieties of squash and is commonly grown by gardeners and farmers. The plant has large, lobed leaves, and a thick stem. The flowers are yellow and the fruit is typically large and round or oval-shaped. The plant can grow to be quite large, with some varieties reaching over 6 feet in height and 10 feet in width. It is fast-growing and can be differentiated from other plants by its large leaves and fruit. Cucurbita pepo prefers well-draining soil and full sunlight. To cultivate it successfully, a grower will need to provide plenty of water and ensure that the soil is warm enough for the seeds to germinate. The plant is not winter hardy and will not survive cold temperatures. Some varieties of Cucurbita pepo are edible, including pumpkins, zucchini, and acorn squash. The edible parts of the plant can be stored after harvest by curing the fruit in a warm, dry place for several weeks. This will help to preserve its flavor and texture. Cucurbita pepo has a variety of uses. The plant is often used as a source of food, both for humans and for animals. The fruit is high in vitamins and minerals and can be cooked in a variety of ways. The seeds can also be eaten, and are high in protein and healthy fats. In addition to its use as a food source, the plant can also be used for medicinal purposes. The leaves and fruit can be used to treat a variety of ailments, including stomach aches and skin irritation. The plant is also valued for its ability to attract wildlife. Bees and other butterflies are attracted to the flowers, and birds and small mammals often eat the fruit. This can help to support local ecosystems and promote biodiversity.	Show Edit
Pea	USDA Hardiness zone 3-9 Life cycle Annual Light requirement Full sun Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium Height 2.0 Layer Vines Utility Nitrogen fixer Edible true Edible parts Leaves, Seed Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea Family Fabaceae or leguminosae German name Erbse Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pisum sativum Native to Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Corse, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Morocco, North Caucasus, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, Spain, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia Introduced into Alabama, Altay, Amur, Andaman Is., Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Buryatiya, California, Canary Is., Cayman Is., Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, Chita, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ethiopia, Fiji, Haiti, Idaho, Illinois, India, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Laos, Madeira, Magadan, Marianas, Maryland, Mexico Southwest, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Nigeria, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Oregon, Pakistan, Primorye, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Sakhalin, South Australia, South European Russi, South Georgia, Sri Lanka, Tadzhikistan, Tibet, Trinidad-Tobago, Tuva, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vermont, Vietnam, Washington, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Yakutskiya, Yemen Plants of the World Online Name (Synonym) Lathyrus oleraceus Plants of the World Online Link (Synonym) https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:501912-1 Seed viability 3-5 years Width 0.3 Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60454055-2	Peas are a type of legume, native to western Asia and the Near East. They are an annual plant, meaning they grow, flower, and produce seeds within a single growing season. Peas have tendrils that allow them to climb, and their leaves are typically made up of two oblong leaflets and a tendril on a single petiole. Peas produce clusters of small, fragrant flowers that can be white, pink, or purple in color. The flowers give way to pod-like fruits that contain the peas. Peas are a cool-season crop, and prefer to grow in well-drained soil that is high in organic matter. They can tolerate some shade, but will produce the best yields when grown in full sun. Peas can be differentiated from similar plants by their tendrils and the clusters of small, fragrant flowers that they produce. Peas are a relatively small plant, typically growing to a height of one to two feet. They can be grown in rows or as a companion plant, and will typically take between 60 and 90 days to reach maturity. Peas are not winter hardy, and should be planted in the spring as soon as the soil can be worked. Peas are edible, and the seeds inside the pods can be eaten fresh or dried for storage. The leaves and stems of the pea plant can also be eaten, and are a good source of vitamins and minerals. Peas can be used in a variety of dishes, and are a common ingredient in soups, stews, and casseroles. In addition to their culinary uses, peas are also valued for their ability to fix nitrogen in the soil. This makes them a valuable crop for improving soil fertility, and they are often grown as a cover crop or rotated with other crops to improve the overall health of the soil. Peas are also valued by wildlife, and their flowers and seeds are a favorite food for birds and other animals.	Show Edit
Kale	USDA Hardiness zone 5-10 Life cycle Biennial, Perennial Light requirement Full sun, Partial sun/shade Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Leaves Deciduous Height 0.9 Layer Herbs Edible True Edible parts Leaves Propagation method Seed - direct sow, Seed - transplant Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale Family Brassicaceae, Cruciferae Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica oleracea acephala Soil pH 6.0-6.8 Root depth Shallow Spacing 45cm Germination time 7-10 days Seed planting depth 0.5 cm Drought resistant True Growth Fast Days to harvest 60 When to sow (indoors) 4-6 weeks before last frost When to sow (outdoors) At last frost date Seed viability 3 to 7 years	Kale (/keɪl/) is a hardy, leafy green vegetable that is a member of the Brassica oleracea species. It is native to the eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor, and has been cultivated for food for over 2000 years. Kale plants typically have green or purple leaves that are deeply lobed and can grow up to 2 feet in length. The leaves are attached to a central stem and don't make a head, and the plant produces small, yellow flowers. Kales are considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most of the many domesticated forms of Brassica oleracea. In terms of growing conditions, kale prefers cool weather and does well in full sun to partial shade. It can be grown year-round in mild climates, but in colder climates it is best grown in the fall and early spring. To cultivate kale successfully, it is important to provide the plants with plenty of moisture and to regularly fertilize them. Kale is also a good companion plant for other vegetables, as it can help to deter pests and improve the health of the soil. In terms of edibility, kale is highly nutritious and can be eaten raw or cooked. The leaves and stems are both edible, and the plant can be stored in the refrigerator for several days after harvest. Kale can be used in a variety of dishes, including soups, salads, and smoothies. It can also be cooked and served as a side dish, or used as a garnish. In addition to its culinary uses, kale has a number of other uses. It is often used as a cover crop, as it can help to improve the fertility of the soil. Kale leaves can also be used as a mulch, as they break down readily and release nutrients into the soil. Additionally, kale plants can be used for wind protection, as their large leaves and sturdy stems can provide a barrier to wind. ### Links [Kale @ West Coast Seeds](https://www.westcoastseeds.com/blogs/how-to-grow/grow-kale-collards)	Show Edit
Cucamelon	Life cycle Annual Light requirement Full sun Layer Vines Propagation method Seed - direct sow, Seed - transplant When to plant (transplant) 1 week after last frost Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melothria_scabra German name Cucamelon, Mexikanische mini-gurke Days to maturity 60-70 Spacing 23cm, 60cm Soil pH 6.5-7.0 Germination temperature 15-30°c (60-85°f) Alternate name Mouse melon Family Cucurbitaceae When to start outdoors (weeks) -3 Days to harvest 67 Native to Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Venezuela When to sow (indoors) 3-4 weeks before last frost When to sow (outdoors) At last frost Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:293320-1	Corn, Sunflowers and any other high growing plant, can act as a trellis. #### Propagation Direct sow when soil temperatures reach 15°C (60°F). Plant inside 3-4 weeks before planting outside, and use bottom-heat to help germination. Transplant when plant develop their third true leaf. #### Links [Cucamelon @ West Coast Seeds](https://www.westcoastseeds.com/products/cucamelon)	Show Edit
Jerusalem artichoke	USDA Hardiness zone 4-8 Light requirement Full sun, Partial sun/shade Water requirement Dry, Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Soil pH 4.5-8.2 Leaves Deciduous Height 1.5-3.0m Width 1.7 Life cycle Perennial Layer Roots Growth Fast Spacing 12-18 inches (30-45cm), rows 36 inches (91cm) Propagation method Seed - direct sow, Seed - transplant, Division Utility Animal feed, Attracts insects Edible true Edible parts Root Alternate name Sunchoke, French potato, Canada potato, topinambour, lambchoke German name Topinambur Family Asteraceae or Compositae Native to North America, Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Prince Edward I., Québec, Rhode I., Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming Introduced into Albania, Amur, Argentina Northeast, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, East European Russia, Fiji, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, India, Inner Mongolia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jawa, Kazakhstan, Khabarovsk, Korea, Krym, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New South Wales, North Caucasus, Norway, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, South Australia, South European Russi, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Western Australia, Yugoslavia Drought resistant True Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_artichoke Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus tuberosus Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329252-2 Root type Fibrous Days to harvest 120-150 When to plant (cuttings) early spring or late fall Warning Weed potential	The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), also knows as "sunchoke", is a species of sunflower native to the central and eastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a tall, herbaceous plant with yellow flowers and a rough, hairy stem. The plant can grow up to 4-10 feet in height, and its leaves are broad and coarse, with toothed edges. The edible tubers, which are produced in the ground, are similar in appearance to ginger root, with a slightly bumpy, brown skin and a white or pale yellow flesh. Jerusalem artichokes prefer well-draining, moist soil and full sun, but they can tolerate partial shade. They are hardy in cold climates and can be grown throughout most of the United States and Canada. To cultivate the plant successfully, gardeners and farmers may need to water regularly and provide support for the tall stems. The tubers can be harvested in the fall, after the plant has died back, and can be stored in a cool, dry place for several months. Be conscious of where you plant it, because removal is next to impossible. If even a small section of rhizome is left in the ground, it will grow into a whole new plant. Jerusalem artichokes are edible and can be eaten raw, cooked, or roasted. The tubers have a sweet, nutty flavor and can be used in a variety of dishes, including soups, stews, and salads. They are also a good source of fiber and contain a high amount of inulin, a type of carbohydrate that is beneficial for maintaining healthy gut bacteria. The tubers are a good replacement diet for the potato for people with diabetes. In addition to their culinary uses, Jerusalem artichokes can also provide a number of other benefits to gardeners and farmers. The plant is an excellent source of nectar for bees and other pollinators, and its rough, hairy stems can provide shelter and nesting sites for birds and other wildlife. # Propagation While growing from seed is possible, it is much harder and yields happen to be smaller.	Show Edit
Turnip	USDA Hardiness zone 7-11 Life cycle Biennial Light requirement Full sun, Partial sun/shade Water requirement Moist Soil type Light (sandy), Medium, Heavy (clay) Height 0.5 Edible True Edible parts Leaves, Root Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa Family Brassicaceae or cruciferae German name Speiserübe, Mairübe Warning Weed potential Plants For A Future https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica rapa Soil pH 6.0-7.5 Pollination Cross-pollination Days to harvest 45-80 Germination temperature 7-29°c Germination time 4-7 days Spacing 16cm Pests Flea beatles, Cutworms, Root maggots, Cabbage loopers, Cabbageworms, Cabbage aphids, Slugs, Snails, Nematodes Diseases Black leg, Black rot, Turnip mosaic virus Native to Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kriti, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Morocco, North Caucasus, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Yugoslavia Introduced into Juan Fernández Is. Seed viability 3 to 7 years Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:279485-1	The turnip, scientific name Brassica rapa, is a root vegetable native to the Mediterranean and eastern Asia. It is a cool season crop that is often grown in the spring or fall. The turnip plant has large, dark green leaves that grow from a thick, white stem. The turnip root itself is a round, white or purple vegetable with a slightly bitter taste. In terms of size and growth rate, turnips can grow to be quite large, with some varieties reaching up to 10 inches in diameter. They are generally fast-growing plants, with the ability to mature in as little as 30 days. To differentiate turnips from similar plants, it is important to note that turnips have a distinct, slightly bitter flavor and a white or purple root. Some plants that may be confused with turnips include rutabagas and parsnips, which are similar in appearance but have different flavors and nutritional properties. When it comes to growing conditions, turnips prefer well-draining soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.8. They should be planted in a location with full sun exposure and watered regularly to ensure proper growth. To cultivate turnips successfully, it is important to keep the plants well-watered and free from weeds, as well as to thin out the seedlings once they reach about 3 inches in height to allow for proper spacing. Turnips are generally winter hardy and can tolerate cold temperatures, making them a popular choice for fall and winter gardens. They can also be grown as a cover crop to help improve soil health and structure. In terms of edibility, the turnip root is the most commonly eaten part of the plant. It can be cooked in a variety of ways, including boiling, roasting, and steaming. The greens of the turnip plant can also be eaten, and are often cooked in a similar manner to other leafy greens. After harvest, turnip roots can be stored in a cool, dark place for several weeks. In terms of uses, turnips have a number of practical applications. In addition to being eaten as a vegetable, turnip roots can be used as animal feed, and the leaves can be used as a source of livestock forage. The turnip plant can also be used as a cover crop to help improve soil health and structure, and the root can be used as a natural form of pest control in the garden. ### Links [Brassica rapa @ Purdue Horticulture](https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Brassica_rapa.html) [Brassica rapa @ Cornell Gardening](http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/homegardening/scene0f7d.html)	Show Edit